2025 promises to be pivotal for space exploration, with major Moon and celestial missions by the U.S., China, Japan, and ESA. NASA's Artemis program aims to lay the foundations for human exploration of the Moon and Mars, while China plans to launch the Tianwen-2 mission to collect samples from an asteroid and a main-belt comet. ESA plans to conduct an orbital test flight of its Space Rider spacecraft and collaborate with JAXA on the BepiColombo mission to Mercury. Private companies like SpaceX and Intuitive Machines are also involved in lunar exploration efforts.