Chinese and Indian refiners will source more oil from the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas as new U.S. sanctions on Russian producers and ships curb supplies to Moscow's top customers. The sanctions will disrupt Russian oil supply to China and India, leading to higher spot crude prices and freight costs. Chinese independent refiners will cut refining output, and Russian oil exports will be severely affected. The new sanctions will push China and India to seek more supply from the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, driving up prices for these grades of oil. China and India will also turn to heavier Middle Eastern oil and potentially increase their offtake of Canadian crude.