Indian Oil Corp (IOC) has purchased 7 million barrels of spot Middle Eastern and African crude oil via tenders, including a rare purchase of Abu Dhabi's Murban, as U.S. sanctions are expected to impact supplies from Russia. Indian refiners are increasing their purchases of Middle Eastern crude from the spot markets after sanctions targeting Russian producers and tankers disrupted supply. The deals include purchases from TotalEnergies and Shell, and were likely concluded on a delivered basis. Spot premiums for Middle East crude have reached their highest level in over two years due to strong demand from China and India.